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Context: Biodiesel fuel represents an alternative to high particulate matter (PM)-emitting petroleum-based diesel fuels, yet uncertainty remains regarding potential biodiesel combustion emission health impacts.Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare cardiovascular responses to pure and blended biodiesel fuel emissions relative to petroleum diesel exhaust (DE).Materials and methods: Spontaneously hypertensive rats were exposed for 4h per day for four days via whole body inhalation to combustion emissions (based on PM concentrations 50, 150 or 500g/m(3) or filtered air) from pure (B100) or blended (B20) soy biodiesel, or to pure petroleum DE (B0). Electrocardiogram (ECG) and heart rate variability (HRV, an index of autonomic balance) were monitored before, during and after exposure while pulmonary and systemic inflammation were assessed one day after the final exposure. ECG and HRV data and inflammatory data were statistically analyzed using a linear mixed model for repeated measures and an analysis of variance, respectively.Results: B100 and B0, but not B20, increased HRV during all exposure days at the highest concentration indicating increased parasympathetic tone. Electrocardiographic data were mixed. B100 and B0, but not B20, caused significant changes in one or more of the following: serum C-reactive protein, total protein, low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and plasma angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and fibrinogen.Discussion and conclusions: Although responses to emissions from all fuels were mixed and relatively mild, some findings point to a reduced cardiovascular impact of blended biodiesel fuel emissions.