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DOI | 10.1525/elementa.279 |
Tropospheric ozone assessment report: Global ozone metrics for climate change, human health, and crop/ecosystem research | |
Lefohn, Allen S.1; Malley, Christopher S.2,3,4; Smith, Luther5; Wells, Benjamin6; Hazucha, Milan7; Simon, Heather6; Naik, Vaishali8; Mills, Gina9; Schultz, Martin G.10; Paoletti, Elena11; De Marco, Alessandra12; Xu, Xiaobin13; Zhang, Li14; Wang, Tao14; Neufeld, Howard S.15; Musselman, Robert C.16; Tarasick, David17; Brauer, Michael18; Feng, Zhaozhong19; Tang, Haoye20; Kobayashi, Kazuhiko21; Sicard, Pierre22; Solberg, Sverre23; Gerosa, Giacomo24 | |
发表日期 | 2018-04-06 |
ISSN | 2325-1026 |
卷号 | 6 |
英文摘要 | Assessment of spatial and temporal variation in the impacts of ozone on human health, vegetation, and climate requires appropriate metrics. A key component of the Tropospheric Ozone Assessment Report (TOAR) is the consistent calculation of these metrics at thousands of monitoring sites globally. Investigating temporal trends in these metrics required that the same statistical methods be applied across these ozone monitoring sites. The nonparametric Mann-Kendall test (for significant trends) and the Theil-Sen estimator (for estimating the magnitude of trend) were selected to provide robust methods across all sites. This paper provides the scientific underpinnings necessary to better understand the implications of and rationale for selecting a specific TOAR metric for assessing spatial and temporal variation in ozone for a particular impact. The rationale and underlying research evidence that influence the derivation of specific metrics are given. The form of 25 metrics (4 for model-measurement comparison, 5 for characterization of ozone in the free troposphere, 11 for human health impacts, and 5 for vegetation impacts) are described. Finally, this study categorizes health and vegetation exposure metrics based on the extent to which they are determined only by the highest hourly ozone levels, or by a wider range of values. The magnitude of the metrics is influenced by both the distribution of hourly average ozone concentrations at a site location, and the extent to which a particular metric is determined by relatively low, moderate, and high hourly ozone levels. Hence, for the same ozone time series, changes in the distribution of ozone concentrations can result in different changes in the magnitude and direction of trends for different metrics. Thus, dissimilar conclusions about the effect of changes in the drivers of ozone variability (e.g., precursor emissions) on health and vegetation exposure can result from the selection of different metrics. |
英文关键词 | tropospheric ozone;ground-level ozone;metrics;ozone distributions;shifting ozone concentrations;trends |
语种 | 英语 |
WOS记录号 | WOS:000429374000001 |
来源期刊 | ELEMENTA-SCIENCE OF THE ANTHROPOCENE |
来源机构 | 美国环保署 |
文献类型 | 期刊论文 |
条目标识符 | http://gcip.llas.ac.cn/handle/2XKMVOVA/62088 |
作者单位 | 1.ASL & Associates, Helena, MT 59601 USA; 2.Univ York, Environm Dept, Stockholm Environm Inst, York, N Yorkshire, England; 3.NERC Ctr Ecol & Hydrol, Penicuik, Midlothian, Scotland; 4.Univ Edinburgh, Sch Chem, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland; 5.Alion Sci & Technol Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA; 6.US EPA, Off Air Qual Planning & Stand, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA; 7.Univ N Carolina, Ctr Environm Med Asthma & Lung Biol, Chapel Hill, NC USA; 8.NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA; 9.Environm Ctr Wales, NERC Ctr Ecol & Hydrol, Bangor, Gwynedd, Wales; 10.Forschungszentrum Julich, Julich, Germany; 11.CNR, Inst Sustainable Plant Protect, Florence, Italy; 12.Italian Natl Agcy New Technol Energy & Sustainabl, Rome, Italy; 13.Chinese Acad Meteorol Sci, Inst Atmospher Composit, Key Lab Atmospher Chem, Beijing, Peoples R China; 14.Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China; 15.Appalachian State Univ, Dept Biol, Boone, NC 28608 USA; 16.US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO USA; 17.Environm & Climate Change Canada, Air Qual Res Div, Downsview, ON, Canada; 18.Univ British Columbia, Sch Populat & Publ Hlth, Vancouver, BC, Canada; 19.Chinese Acad Sci, Res Ctr Eco Environm Sci, Beijing, Peoples R China; 20.Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Soil Sci, Nanjing, Jiangsu, Peoples R China; 21.Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Agr & Life Sci, Tokyo, Japan; 22.ACRI HE, 260 Route Pin Montard BP234, Sophia Antipolis, France; 23.Norwegian Inst Air Res NILU, Kjeller, Norway; 24.Univ Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Dipartimento Matemat & Fis, Brescia, Italy |
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | Lefohn, Allen S.,Malley, Christopher S.,Smith, Luther,et al. Tropospheric ozone assessment report: Global ozone metrics for climate change, human health, and crop/ecosystem research[J]. 美国环保署,2018,6. |
APA | Lefohn, Allen S..,Malley, Christopher S..,Smith, Luther.,Wells, Benjamin.,Hazucha, Milan.,...&Gerosa, Giacomo.(2018).Tropospheric ozone assessment report: Global ozone metrics for climate change, human health, and crop/ecosystem research.ELEMENTA-SCIENCE OF THE ANTHROPOCENE,6. |
MLA | Lefohn, Allen S.,et al."Tropospheric ozone assessment report: Global ozone metrics for climate change, human health, and crop/ecosystem research".ELEMENTA-SCIENCE OF THE ANTHROPOCENE 6(2018). |
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