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DOI | 10.5194/bg-10-5183-2013 |
Advances in understanding, models and parameterizations of biosphere-atmosphere ammonia exchange | |
Flechard, C. R.1; Massad, R-S2; Loubet, B.2; Personne, E.2; Simpson, D.3; Bash, J. O.4; Cooter, E. J.4; Nemitz, E.5; Sutton, M. A.5 | |
发表日期 | 2013 |
ISSN | 1726-4170 |
卷号 | 10期号:7页码:5183-5225 |
英文摘要 | Atmospheric ammonia (NH3) dominates global emissions of total reactive nitrogen (N-r), while emissions from agricultural production systems contribute about two-thirds of global NH3 emissions; the remaining third emanates from oceans, natural vegetation, humans, wild animals and biomass burning. On land, NH3 emitted from the various sources eventually returns to the biosphere by dry deposition to sink areas, predominantly semi-natural vegetation, and by wet and dry deposition as ammonium (NH4+) to all surfaces. However, the land/atmosphere exchange of gaseous NH3 is in fact bi-directional over unfertilized as well as fertilized ecosystems, with periods and areas of emission and deposition alternating in time (diurnal, seasonal) and space (patchwork landscapes). The exchange is controlled by a range of environmental factors, including meteorology, surface layer turbulence, thermodynamics, air and surface heterogeneous-phase chemistry, canopy geometry, plant development stage, leaf age, organic matter decomposition, soil microbial turnover, and, in agricultural systems, by fertilizer application rate, fertilizer type, soil type, crop type, and agricultural management practices. We review the range of processes controlling NH3 emission and uptake in the different parts of the soil-canopy-atmosphere continuum, with NH3 emission potentials defined at the substrate and leaf levels by different [NH4+] / [H+] ratios (0). |
语种 | 英语 |
WOS记录号 | WOS:000324617300008 |
来源期刊 | BIOGEOSCIENCES
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来源机构 | 美国环保署 |
文献类型 | 期刊论文 |
条目标识符 | http://gcip.llas.ac.cn/handle/2XKMVOVA/61245 |
作者单位 | 1.INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, Sol Agrohydrosyst Spatialisat UMR1069, F-35042 Rennes, France; 2.INRA, UMR1091, AgroParisTech Environm & Grandes Cultures, F-78850 Thiverval Grignon, France; 3.Chalmers Univ Technol, Dept Earth & Space Sci, S-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden; 4.US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA; 5.Ctr Ecol & Hydrol CEH, Penicuik, Midlothian, Scotland |
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | Flechard, C. R.,Massad, R-S,Loubet, B.,et al. Advances in understanding, models and parameterizations of biosphere-atmosphere ammonia exchange[J]. 美国环保署,2013,10(7):5183-5225. |
APA | Flechard, C. R..,Massad, R-S.,Loubet, B..,Personne, E..,Simpson, D..,...&Sutton, M. A..(2013).Advances in understanding, models and parameterizations of biosphere-atmosphere ammonia exchange.BIOGEOSCIENCES,10(7),5183-5225. |
MLA | Flechard, C. R.,et al."Advances in understanding, models and parameterizations of biosphere-atmosphere ammonia exchange".BIOGEOSCIENCES 10.7(2013):5183-5225. |
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