气候变化领域集成服务门户(CCPortal): Climate change and early urbanism in Southwest Asia: A review

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DOI	10.1002/wcc.741
	Climate change and early urbanism in Southwest Asia: A review
	Lawrence D.; Philip G.; de Gruchy M.W.
发表日期	2021
ISSN	1757-7780
英文摘要	During the Late Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age (c. 6500–4000 BP), the Fertile Crescent in Southwest Asia saw the earliest development of cities anywhere in the world. Climate and environmental factors are generally considered to be significant in these changes because in pre-industrial societies they directly relate to food production and security. The emergence of cities also coincides with a decoupling of settlement and climate trends, suggesting urbanism may have enhanced the adaptive capacity of societies to withstand changing climatic conditions. Urban forms followed a variety of different trajectories, with a much more sporadic and episodic history in the dry farming plains of the North and West of the study region compared to the stable build-up in the irrigated South. Although models dealing with urban growth have emphasized the differential access to agrarian resources as a key driver in promoting hierarchical social systems, climate has rarely been explicitly discussed. In contrast, so-called “collapse” events brought about by extreme, but short-lived, climate changes such as droughts have been blamed for declines in urban and rural populations, social complexity, political systems, and entire empires. However, the extent to which these “collapses” are visible in the archeological record, let alone how far they can be attributed to climate changes, is a matter of intense debate. The archeological and historical record, the variegated environmental conditions, and the deep time perspective on complexity available, make the Fertile Crescent an ideal laboratory for assessing causal links between urban formations and climate fluctuations. This article is categorized under: Climate, History, Society, Culture > Major Historical Eras. © 2021 The Authors. WIREs Climate Change published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
关键词	ancient climate change archaeology Mesopotamia Southwest Asia urbanism
语种	英语
scopus关键词	Climate models; Hierarchical systems; History; Urban growth; Ancient climate change; Bronze age; Climate factors; Environmental factors; Food production; Food security; Industrial societies; Mesopotamia; Pre-industrial; Southwest asia; Climate change
来源期刊	Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change
文献类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://gcip.llas.ac.cn/handle/2XKMVOVA/249670
作者单位	Department of Archaeology, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Lawrence D.,Philip G.,de Gruchy M.W.. Climate change and early urbanism in Southwest Asia: A review[J],2021.
APA	Lawrence D.,Philip G.,&de Gruchy M.W..(2021).Climate change and early urbanism in Southwest Asia: A review.Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change.
MLA	Lawrence D.,et al."Climate change and early urbanism in Southwest Asia: A review".Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change (2021).