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| DOI | 10.5194/acp-21-7429-2021 |
| Air traffic and contrail changes over Europe during COVID-19: A model study | |
| Schumann U.; Poll I.; Teoh R.; Koelle R.; Spinielli E.; Molloy J.; Koudis G.S.; Baumann R.; Bugliaro L.; Stettler M.; Voigt C. | |
| 发表日期 | 2021 |
| ISSN | 1680-7316 |
| 起始页码 | 7429 |
| 结束页码 | 7450 |
| 卷号 | 21期号:10 |
| 英文摘要 | The strong reduction of air traffic during the COVID-19 pandemic provides a unique test case for the relationship between air traffic density, contrails, and their radiative forcing of climate change. Here, air traffic and contrail cirrus changes are quantified for a European domain for March to August 2020 and compared to the same period in 2019. Traffic data show a 72 % reduction in flight distance compared with 2019. This paper investigates the induced contrail changes in a model study. The contrail model results depend on various methodological details as discussed in parameter studies. In the reference case, the reduced traffic caused a reduction in contrail length. The reduction is slightly stronger than expected from the traffic change because the weather conditions in 2020 were less favorable for contrail formation than in 2019. Contrail coverage over Europe with an optical depth larger than 0.1 decreased from 4.6 % in 2019 to 1.4 % in 2020; the total cirrus cover amount changed by 28 % to 25 %. The reduced contrail coverage caused 70 % less longwave and 73 % less shortwave radiative forcing but, because of various nonlinearities, only 54 % less net forcing in this case. The methods include recently developed models for performance parameters and soot emissions. The overall propulsion efficiency of the aircraft is about 20 % smaller than estimated in earlier studies, resulting in 3 % fewer contrails. Considerable sensitivity to soot emissions is found, highlighting fuel and engine importance. The contrail model includes a new approximate method to account for water vapor exchange between contrails and background air and for radiative forcing changes due to contrail-contrail overlap. The water vapor exchange reduces available ice supersaturation in the atmosphere, which is critical for contrail formation. Contrail-contrail overlap changes the computed radiative forcing considerably. Comparisons to satellite observations are described and discussed in a parallel publication. © Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. |
| 语种 | 英语 |
| scopus关键词 | air traffic; atmospheric chemistry; cirrus; contrail; COVID-19; radiative forcing; soot; supersaturation; water vapor |
| 来源期刊 | ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
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| 文献类型 | 期刊论文 |
| 条目标识符 | http://gcip.llas.ac.cn/handle/2XKMVOVA/246887 |
| 作者单位 | Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft-und Raumfahrt, Oberpaffenhofen, 82234, Germany; Aerospace Engineering, Cranfield University, Cranfield, United Kingdom; Centre for Transport Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Performance Review Unit, Eurocontrol, Brussels, 1130, Belgium; Nats, Whiteley, Fareham, Hampshire, PO15 7FL, United Kingdom; Institute for Atmospheric Physics, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | Schumann U.,Poll I.,Teoh R.,et al. Air traffic and contrail changes over Europe during COVID-19: A model study[J],2021,21(10). |
| APA | Schumann U..,Poll I..,Teoh R..,Koelle R..,Spinielli E..,...&Voigt C..(2021).Air traffic and contrail changes over Europe during COVID-19: A model study.ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS,21(10). |
| MLA | Schumann U.,et al."Air traffic and contrail changes over Europe during COVID-19: A model study".ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 21.10(2021). |
| 条目包含的文件 | 条目无相关文件。 | |||||
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