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DOI	10.1126/science.1093877
	European Seasonal and Annual Temperature Variability, Trends, and Extremes since 1500
	Luterbacher J.; Dietrich D.; Xoplaki E.; Grosjean M.; Wanner H.
发表日期	2004
ISSN	0036-8075
起始页码	1499
结束页码	1503
卷号	303 期号:5663
英文摘要	Multiproxy reconstructions of monthly and seasonal surface temperature fields for Europe back to 1500 show that the late 20th- and early 21st-century European climate is very likely (>95% confidence level) warmer than that of any time during the past 500 years. This agrees with findings for the entire Northern Hemisphere. European winter average temperatures during the period 1500 to 1900 were reduced by ∼0.5°C (0.25°C for annual mean temperatures) compared to the 20th century. Summer temperatures did not experience systematic century-scale cooling relative to present conditions. The coldest European winter was 1708/1709; 2003 was by far the hottest summer.
英文关键词	Climate change; Cooling; Temperature variability; Atmospheric temperature; annual variation; climate change; proxy climate record; seasonal variation; surface temperature; warming; article; climate; climate change; cooling; environmental temperature; Europe; priority journal; seasonal variation; summer; winter; Eurasia; Europe
语种	英语
来源期刊	Science
文献类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://gcip.llas.ac.cn/handle/2XKMVOVA/244598
作者单位	Natl. Ctr. Competence Res. Climate, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland; Inst. Geogr., Climatol.,/Meteorol., University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland; Dept. of Math. Stat./Actuar. Sci., University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Luterbacher J.,Dietrich D.,Xoplaki E.,et al. European Seasonal and Annual Temperature Variability, Trends, and Extremes since 1500[J],2004,303(5663).
APA	Luterbacher J.,Dietrich D.,Xoplaki E.,Grosjean M.,&Wanner H..(2004).European Seasonal and Annual Temperature Variability, Trends, and Extremes since 1500.Science,303(5663).
MLA	Luterbacher J.,et al."European Seasonal and Annual Temperature Variability, Trends, and Extremes since 1500".Science 303.5663(2004).