气候变化领域集成服务门户(CCPortal): Bronze age weight systems as a measure of market integration in Western Eurasia

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DOI	10.1073/pnas.2105873118
	Bronze age weight systems as a measure of market integration in Western Eurasia
	Ialongo N.; Hermann R.; Rahmstorf L.
发表日期	2021
ISSN	0027-8424
卷号	118 期号:27
英文摘要	Weighing technology was invented around 3000 BCE between Mesopotamia and Egypt and became widely adopted in Western Eurasia within ∼2,000 y. For the first time in history, merchants could rely on an objective frame of reference to quantify economic value. The subsequent emergence of different weight systems goes hand in hand with the formation of a continental market. However, we still do not know how the technological transmission happened and why different weight systems emerged along the way. Here, we show that the diffusion of weighing technology can be explained as the result of merchants' interaction and the emergence of primary weight systems as the outcome of the random propagation of error constrained by market self-regulation. We found that the statistical errors of early units between Mesopotamia and Europe overlap significantly. Our experiment with replica weights gives error figures that are consistent with the archaeological sample. We used these figures to develop a model simulating the formation of primary weight systems based on the random propagation of error over time from a single original unit. The simulation is consistent with the observed distribution of weight units. We demonstrate that the creation of the earliest weight systems is not consistent with a substantial intervention of political authorities. Our results urge a revaluation of the role of individual commercial initiatives in the formation of the first integrated market in Western Eurasia. © 2021 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
英文关键词	Bronze age; Market integration; Trade; Weight systems; Western Eurasia
语种	英语
scopus关键词	article; autoregulation; Bronze Age; diffusion; Europe; human; human experiment; Mesopotamia; outcome assessment; simulation
来源期刊	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
文献类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://gcip.llas.ac.cn/handle/2XKMVOVA/238877
作者单位	Seminar für Ur- und Frühgeschichte, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, D-37073, Germany
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Ialongo N.,Hermann R.,Rahmstorf L.. Bronze age weight systems as a measure of market integration in Western Eurasia[J],2021,118(27).
APA	Ialongo N.,Hermann R.,&Rahmstorf L..(2021).Bronze age weight systems as a measure of market integration in Western Eurasia.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,118(27).
MLA	Ialongo N.,et al."Bronze age weight systems as a measure of market integration in Western Eurasia".Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 118.27(2021).