气候变化领域集成服务门户(CCPortal): The symbolic role of the underground world among Middle Paleolithic Neanderthals

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DOI	10.1073/pnas.2021495118
	The symbolic role of the underground world among Middle Paleolithic Neanderthals
	Martí A.P.; Zilhão J.; d’Errico F.; Cantalejo-Duarte P.; Domínguez-Bella S.; Fullola J.M.; Weniger G.C.; Ramos-Muñoz J.
发表日期	2021
ISSN	0027-8424
卷号	118 期号:33
英文摘要	Cueva de Ardales in Málaga, Spain, is one of the richest and best-preserved Paleolithic painted caves of southwestern Europe, containing over a thousand graphic representations. Here, we study the red pigment in panel II.A.3 of “Sala de las Estrellas,” dated by U-Th to the Middle Paleolithic, to determine its composition, verify its anthropogenic nature, infer the associated behaviors, and discuss their implications. Using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, micro-Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction, we analyzed a set of samples from the panel and compared them to natural coloring materials collected from the floor and walls of the cave. The conspicuously different texture and composition of the geological samples indicates that the pigments used in the paintings do not come from the outcrops of colorant material known in the cave. We confirm that the paintings are not the result of natural processes and show that the composition of the paint is consistent with the artistic activity being recurrent. Our results strengthen the hypothesis that Neanderthals symbolically used these paintings and the large stalagmitic dome harboring them over an extended time span. © 2021 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
英文关键词	Cave art; Iberian Peninsula; Pigment; Spectroscopic analyses; Symbolism
语种	英语
scopus关键词	Article; cave; energy dispersive X ray spectroscopy; Homo neanderthalensis; painting; Paleolithic; Raman spectrometry; scanning electron microscopy; symbolism; X ray diffraction
来源期刊	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
文献类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://gcip.llas.ac.cn/handle/2XKMVOVA/238436
作者单位	Seminari d’Estudis i Recerques Prehistòriques, Facultat de Geografía i Història, Departament d’Història i Arqueologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, 08001, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, 08010, Spain; Centro de Arqueologia da Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Letras, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Lisboa, 1600-214, Portugal; UMR 5199 CNRS, De la Préhistoire à l’Actuel: Culture, Environnement, et Anthropologie, University of Bordeaux, Bâtiment B18, Pessac, 33615, France; SFF Centre for Early Sapiens Behaviour, University of Bergen, Bergen, 5020, Norway; Centro de la Prehistoria/Cueva de Ardales, 29550 Ardales, Málaga, Spain; Unidad de Geoarqueología y Arqueometría aplicada al Patrimonio Histórico-Artístico y Monumental, Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Rio San Pedro, Puerto Real Cádiz, 11510, Spain; Department of Prehistoric Archaeology, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50931, Germany; Neanderthal...
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Martí A.P.,Zilhão J.,d’Errico F.,et al. The symbolic role of the underground world among Middle Paleolithic Neanderthals[J],2021,118(33).
APA	Martí A.P..,Zilhão J..,d’Errico F..,Cantalejo-Duarte P..,Domínguez-Bella S..,...&Ramos-Muñoz J..(2021).The symbolic role of the underground world among Middle Paleolithic Neanderthals.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,118(33).
MLA	Martí A.P.,et al."The symbolic role of the underground world among Middle Paleolithic Neanderthals".Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 118.33(2021).