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| DOI | 10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103723 |
| Rates of geological processes | |
| Gingerich P.D. | |
| 发表日期 | 2021 |
| ISSN | 00128252 |
| 卷号 | 220 |
| 英文摘要 | Rates are widely used to characterize processes in the geological sciences, and the ratios that rates represent deserve more careful attention. The numerator is a measure of change or difference, and the denominator is generally a corresponding interval of time. Temporal scaling is the quantitative relationship of differences and rates to their associated time intervals. These relationships are proportional and appropriately studied on logarithmic axes. Here log-difference-interval (LDI) and log-rate-interval (LRI) graphs are analyzed for nine empirical case studies involving creep on the San Andreas Fault, anthropogenic carbon emissions, glacial advance and retreat, sediment accumulation, tectonic uplift and exhumation, river incision, beryllium-10 dating of outcrop and basin erosion, climate-related temperature change, and species-level extinction. Two studies, fault creep and carbon emissions, are directional in the sense that each has observed differences changing in proportion to their associated time intervals; calculated rates are consequently independent of their denominators. The remaining studies are random or stationary in having differences that are independent to some degree from their associated intervals, and rates that are consequently dependent on their denominators. Rates dependent on denominators are common in geological studies because observed changes or differences are often constrained to a relatively narrow range compared to the much longer spans of time over which geological rates are calculated. When LDI or LRI temporal scaling shows change to fit a random or stationary model, meaning rates are dependent on their denominators, then any comparison of the rates involved must be restricted to, or projected to, some common denominator or common scale of time. Radionuclide calibration of outcrop and basin erosion, and biological extinction are two stationary processes where rates are often compared, erroneously, on different scales of time. © 2021 |
| 关键词 | Carbon emissionsFault creepGlacial advanceLog-difference-interval LDI plotLog-rate-interval LRI plotOutcrop and basin erosionRiver incisionSediment accumulationSpecies extinctionTectonic upliftTemperature changeTemporal scaling |
| 英文关键词 | basin evolution; carbon emission; creep; fault zone; glacial erosion; outcrop; sediment transport; tectonic evolution; uplift; California; San Andreas; United States |
| 语种 | 英语 |
| 来源期刊 | Earth Science Reviews
 |
| 文献类型 | 期刊论文 |
| 条目标识符 | http://gcip.llas.ac.cn/handle/2XKMVOVA/204032 |
| 作者单位 | Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48108-2228, United States |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | Gingerich P.D.. Rates of geological processes[J],2021,220. |
| APA | Gingerich P.D..(2021).Rates of geological processes.Earth Science Reviews,220. |
| MLA | Gingerich P.D.."Rates of geological processes".Earth Science Reviews 220(2021). |
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