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DOI	10.1039/c7ee01650f
	Environmental analysis of perovskites and other relevant solar cell technologies in a tandem configuration
	Celik I.; Phillips A.B.; Song Z.; Yan Y.; Ellingson R.J.; Heben M.J.; Apul D.
发表日期	2017
ISSN	17545692
起始页码	1874
结束页码	1884
卷号	10 期号:9
英文摘要	Future high performance PV devices are expected to be tandem cells consisting of a low bandgap bottom cell and a high bandgap top cell. In this study, we developed a cradle-to-end of use life cycle assessment model to evaluate the environmental impacts, primary energy demand (PED), and energy payback time (EPBT) of four integrated two-terminal tandem solar cells composed of either Si bottom and lead-based perovskite (PKPb) top cells (Si/PKPb), copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) and PKPb (CIGS/PKPb), copper zinc tin selenide (CZTS) and PKPb (CZTS/PKPb), or tin-lead based perovskite (PKSn,Pb) and PKPb (PKSn,Pb/PKPb). Environmental impacts from single junction Si solar cells were used as a reference point to interpret the results. We found that the environmental impacts for a 1 m2 area of a cell were largely determined by the bottom cell impacts and ranged from 50% (CZTS/PKPb) to 120% of those of a Si cell. The ITO layer used in Si/PKPb, CZTS/PKPb, and PKSn,Pb/PKPb is the most impactful after the Si and CIGS absorbers, and contributed up to 70% (in PKSn,Pb/PKPb) of the total impacts for these tandem PVs. Manufacturing a single two-terminal device was found to be a more environmentally friendly option than manufacturing two constituent single-junction cells and can reduce the environmental impacts by 30% due to the exclusion of extra glass, encapsulation, front contact and back contact layers. PED analysis indicated that PKSn,Pb/PKPb manufacturing has the least energy-intensive processing, and the EPBTs of Si/PKPb, CIGS/PKPb, CZTS/PKPb, and PKSn,Pb/PKPb tandems were found to be ∼13, ∼7, ∼2, and ∼1 months, respectively. On an impacts per kW h of Si basis the environmental impacts of all the devices were much higher (up to ∼10 times). These results can be attributed to the low photoconversion efficiency (PCE) and short lifetime that were assumed. While PKSn,Pb/PKPb has higher impacts than Si based on current low PCE (21%) and short lifetime (5 years) assumptions, it can outperform Si if its lifetime and PCE reach 16 years and 30%, respectively. Among the configurations considered, the PKSn,Pb/PKPb structure has the potential to be the most environmentally friendly technology. © 2017 The Royal Society of Chemistry.
英文关键词	Copper; Energy gap; Environmental impact; Environmental technology; Lead; Life cycle; Manufacture; Perovskite; Perovskite solar cells; Silicon; Solar cells; Tin; Copper zinc tin selenide; Energy payback time (EPBT); Environmental analysis; Environmentally-friendly technology; Life cycle assessment model; Photoconversion efficiency; Primary energy demand; Solar cell technology; Silicon solar cells; environmental assessment; environmental impact assessment; environmental technology; fuel cell; life cycle analysis; performance assessment; perovskite; solar power
语种	英语
来源期刊	Energy & Environmental Science
文献类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://gcip.llas.ac.cn/handle/2XKMVOVA/190425
作者单位	School of Solar and Advanced Renewable Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft St., Toledo, OH 43606, United States; School of Solar and Advanced Renewable Energy, Wright Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and Commercialization, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft St., Toledo, OH 43606, United States
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Celik I.,Phillips A.B.,Song Z.,et al. Environmental analysis of perovskites and other relevant solar cell technologies in a tandem configuration[J],2017,10(9).
APA	Celik I..,Phillips A.B..,Song Z..,Yan Y..,Ellingson R.J..,...&Apul D..(2017).Environmental analysis of perovskites and other relevant solar cell technologies in a tandem configuration.Energy & Environmental Science,10(9).
MLA	Celik I.,et al."Environmental analysis of perovskites and other relevant solar cell technologies in a tandem configuration".Energy & Environmental Science 10.9(2017).