气候变化领域集成服务门户(CCPortal): Evaluating Empirical Lightning Parameterizations in Global Atmospheric Models

CCPortal

DOI	10.1029/2020JD033695
	Evaluating Empirical Lightning Parameterizations in Global Atmospheric Models
	Stolz D.C.; Bilsback K.R.; Pierce J.R.; Rutledge S.A.
发表日期	2021
ISSN	2169897X
卷号	126 期号:4
英文摘要	Lightning fundamentally influences atmospheric chemistry as it is the largest natural source of NOx in the upper troposphere. To include lightning, global models rely on experimental parameterizations. We use global atmospheric model diagnostics (2.0 × 2.5° horizontal resolution, 38°S–38°N, for the years 2012–2013) to evaluate three lightning parameterizations that are based on: (1) cloud top height, (2) vertical ice-mass flux, and (3) meteorological variables including aerosols. We apply conversions between convective/cloud area and model grid box area in these calculations to compare each parameterization's spatial, temporal, and spectral characteristics with an observed lightning climatology from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Lightning Imaging Sensor. Domain-wide median values of parameterized lightning differ from observations by a factor of 0.6–3.1. The three parameterizations depict spatial (Pearson correlation (r = 0.80–0.84) and temporal patterns (r = 0.79–0.95) that match observations well. The parameterized median land-ocean lightning contrast ranges from a factor of 2.82 (using environmental factors with aerosols) to 596.0 (using cloud top height), compared to 22.9 in observations. One-to-one comparisons suggest that lightning parameterizations can explain approximately 55%–64% of the observed monthly lightning variance, depending on the parameterization. The highest correlation and minimum error bias statistics (e.g., Logarithmic Mean Bias, LMB) are found for the lightning parameterization that employs environmental factors with aerosols (r = 0.80, LMB = +0.002), whereas comparable correlation and generally higher error bias are found using vertical ice fluxes (r = 0.80, LMB = +0.27) and cloud top height (r = 0.74, LMB = −0.08). We show how the biases in lightning estimates are sensitive to uncertainties in the convective area and suggest ways to minimize bias overall. © 2021. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.
英文关键词	chemical-transport model; evaluation; global atmospheric model; lightning climatology; lightning parameterization
语种	英语
来源期刊	Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
文献类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://gcip.llas.ac.cn/handle/2XKMVOVA/185499
作者单位	Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Stolz D.C.,Bilsback K.R.,Pierce J.R.,et al. Evaluating Empirical Lightning Parameterizations in Global Atmospheric Models[J],2021,126(4).
APA	Stolz D.C.,Bilsback K.R.,Pierce J.R.,&Rutledge S.A..(2021).Evaluating Empirical Lightning Parameterizations in Global Atmospheric Models.Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres,126(4).
MLA	Stolz D.C.,et al."Evaluating Empirical Lightning Parameterizations in Global Atmospheric Models".Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 126.4(2021).