气候变化领域集成服务门户(CCPortal): Effective Radiative Forcing in a GCM With Fixed Surface Temperatures

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DOI	10.1029/2020JD033880
	Effective Radiative Forcing in a GCM With Fixed Surface Temperatures
	Andrews T.; Smith C.J.; Myhre G.; Forster P.M.; Chadwick R.; Ackerley D.
发表日期	2021
ISSN	2169897X
卷号	126 期号:4
英文摘要	Effective radiative forcing (ERF) is evaluated in the ACCESS1.0 General Circulation Model (GCM) with fixed land and sea-surface-temperatures (SST) as well as sea-ice. The 4xCO2 ERF is 8.0 W m−2. In contrast, a typical ERF experiment with only fixed SST and sea-ice gives rise to an ERF of only 7.0 W m−2. This difference arises due to the influence of land warming in the commonly used fixed-SST ERF experimental design, which results in: (i) increased emission of longwave radiation to space from the land surface (−0.45 W m−2) and troposphere (−0.90 W m−2), (ii) reduced land snow-cover and albedo (+0.17 W m−2), (iii) increased water-vapor (+0.49 W m−2), and (iv) a cloud adjustment (−0.26 W m−2) due to reduced stability and cloudiness over land (positive ERF) counteracted by increased lower tropospheric stability and marine cloudiness over oceans (negative ERF). The sum of these radiative adjustments to land warming is to reduce the 4xCO2 ERF in fixed-SST experiments by ∼1.0 W m−2. CO2 stomatal effects are quantified and found to contribute just over half of the land warming effect and adjustments in the fixed-SST ERF experimental design in this model. The basic physical mechanisms in response to land warming are confirmed in a solar ERF experiment. We test various methods that have been proposed to account for land warming in fixed-SST ERFs against our GCM results and discuss their strengths and weaknesses. © 2021. Crown copyright. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Geophysical Union. This article is published with the permission of the Controller of HMSO and the Queen's Printer for Scotland.
英文关键词	fixed-SST; GCM; land warming; radiative effects; radiative forcing
语种	英语
来源期刊	Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
文献类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://gcip.llas.ac.cn/handle/2XKMVOVA/185497
作者单位	Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, United Kingdom; Priestley International Centre for Climate, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria; Center for International Climate and Environmental Research, Oslo, Norway; Global Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Andrews T.,Smith C.J.,Myhre G.,et al. Effective Radiative Forcing in a GCM With Fixed Surface Temperatures[J],2021,126(4).
APA	Andrews T.,Smith C.J.,Myhre G.,Forster P.M.,Chadwick R.,&Ackerley D..(2021).Effective Radiative Forcing in a GCM With Fixed Surface Temperatures.Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres,126(4).
MLA	Andrews T.,et al."Effective Radiative Forcing in a GCM With Fixed Surface Temperatures".Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 126.4(2021).