气候变化领域集成服务门户(CCPortal): The decline of butterflies in Europe: Problems, significance, and possible solutions

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DOI	10.1073/PNAS.2002551117
	The decline of butterflies in Europe: Problems, significance, and possible solutions
	Warren M.S.; Maes D.; van Swaay C.A.M.; Goffart P.; van Dyck H.; Bourn N.A.D.; Wynhoff I.; Hoare D.; Ellis S.
发表日期	2021
ISSN	00278424
卷号	118 期号:2
英文摘要	We review changes in the status of butterflies in Europe, focusing on long-running population data available for the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and Belgium, based on standardized monitoring transects. In the United Kingdom, 8% of resident species have become extinct, and since 1976 overall numbers declined by around 50%. In the Netherlands, 20% of species have become extinct, and since 1990 overall numbers in the country declined by 50%. Distribution trends showed that butterfly distributions began decreasing long ago, and between 1890 and 1940, distributions declined by 80%. In Flanders (Belgium), 20 butterflies have become extinct (29%), and between 1992 and 2007 overall numbers declined by around 30%. A European Grassland Butterfly Indicator from 16 European countries shows there has been a 39% decline of grassland butterflies since 1990. The 2010 Red List of European butterflies listed 38 of the 482 European species (8%) as threatened and 44 species (10%) as near threatened (note that 47 species were not assessed). A country level analysis indicates that the average Red List rating is highest in central and mid-Western Europe and lowest in the far north of Europe and around the Mediterranean. The causes of the decline of butterflies are thought to be similar in most countries, mainly habitat loss and degradation and chemical pollution. Climate change is allowing many species to spread northward while bringing new threats to susceptible species. We describe examples of possible conservation solutions and a summary of policy changes needed to conserve butterflies and other insects. © 2021 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
英文关键词	Butterflies.Conservation; Europe; Insect decline; Monitoring
语种	英语
scopus关键词	butterfly; climate change; Flanders; grassland; habitat; human; Netherlands; nonhuman; resident; review; running; United Kingdom; article
来源期刊	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
文献类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://gcip.llas.ac.cn/handle/2XKMVOVA/181107
作者单位	Butterfly Conservation Europe, East Lulworth, Dorset, BH20 5QP, United Kingdom; Species Diversity Group, Research Institute for Nature and Forest, Brussels, B-1000, Belgium; Dutch Butterfly Conservation, AM Wageningen, NL-6700, Netherlands; Département d'Etude du Milieu Naturel et Agricole, Service Public de Wallonie, Gembloux, B-5030, Belgium; Behavioural Ecology and Conservation Group, Biodiversity Research Centre, Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Louvain-la-Neuve, B-1348, Belgium; Butterfly Conservation, East Lulworth, Dorset, BH20 5QP, United Kingdom
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Warren M.S.,Maes D.,van Swaay C.A.M.,et al. The decline of butterflies in Europe: Problems, significance, and possible solutions[J],2021,118(2).
APA	Warren M.S..,Maes D..,van Swaay C.A.M..,Goffart P..,van Dyck H..,...&Ellis S..(2021).The decline of butterflies in Europe: Problems, significance, and possible solutions.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,118(2).
MLA	Warren M.S.,et al."The decline of butterflies in Europe: Problems, significance, and possible solutions".Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 118.2(2021).