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DOI | 10.1073/pnas.1721818115 |
Lead pollution recorded in Greenland ice indicates European emissions tracked plagues; wars; and imperial expansion during antiquity | |
McConnell J.R.; Wilson A.I.; Stohl A.; Arienzo M.M.; Chellman N.J.; Eckhardt S.; Thompson E.M.; Pollard A.M.; Steffensen J.P. | |
发表日期 | 2018 |
ISSN | 0027-8424 |
起始页码 | 5726 |
结束页码 | 5731 |
卷号 | 115期号:22 |
英文摘要 | Lead pollution in Arctic ice reflects midlatitude emissions from ancient lead–silver mining and smelting. The few reported measurements have been extrapolated to infer the performance of ancient economies, including comparisons of economic productivity and growth during the Roman Republican and Imperial periods. These studies were based on sparse sampling and inaccurate dating, limiting understanding of trends and specific linkages. Here we show, using a precisely dated record of estimated lead emissions between 1100 BCE and 800 CE derived from subannually resolved measurements in Greenland ice and detailed atmospheric transport modeling, that annual European lead emissions closely varied with historical events, including imperial expansion, wars, and major plagues. Emissions rose coeval with Phoenician expansion, accelerated during expanded Carthaginian and Roman mining primarily in the Iberian Peninsula, and reached a maximum under the Roman Empire. Emissions fluctuated synchronously with wars and political instability particularly during the Roman Republic, and plunged coincident with two major plagues in the second and third centuries, remaining low for >500 years. Bullion in silver coinage declined in parallel, reflecting the importance of lead–silver mining in ancient economies. Our results indicate sustained economic growth during the first two centuries of the Roman Empire, terminated by the second-century Antonine plague. © 2018 National Academy of Sciences. |
英文关键词 | Antiquity; Ice core; lead pollution; Plague; War |
语种 | 英语 |
scopus关键词 | lead; silver; ice; lead; air pollution; Antiquity; Article; atmospheric transport; complement deposition; continental ice; controlled study; Greenland; high temperature; measurement precision; pollution transport; priority journal; sensitivity analysis; sustainable growth; analysis; epidemic; history; human; mining; pollutant; Roman world; war; Armed Conflicts; Disease Outbreaks; Environmental Pollutants; Extraction and Processing Industry; Greenland; History, Ancient; Humans; Ice; Lead; Roman World; Silver |
来源期刊 | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |
文献类型 | 期刊论文 |
条目标识符 | http://gcip.llas.ac.cn/handle/2XKMVOVA/159049 |
作者单位 | McConnell, J.R., Division of Hydrologic Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, United States, All Souls College, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 4AL, United Kingdom; Wilson, A.I., Faculty of Classics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3LU, United Kingdom, School of Archaeology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TG, United Kingdom; Stohl, A., Department of Atmospheric and Climate Research, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, N-2027, Norway; Arienzo, M.M., Division of Hydrologic Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, United States; Chellman, N.J., Division of Hydrologic Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, United States; Eckhardt, S., Department of Atmospheric and Climate Research, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, N-2027, Norway; Thompson, E.M., School of Archaeology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TG, United Kingdom; Pollard, A.M., School of Archaeology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TG, United Kingdom; Steffensen, J.P., Ce... |
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | McConnell J.R.,Wilson A.I.,Stohl A.,et al. Lead pollution recorded in Greenland ice indicates European emissions tracked plagues; wars; and imperial expansion during antiquity[J],2018,115(22). |
APA | McConnell J.R..,Wilson A.I..,Stohl A..,Arienzo M.M..,Chellman N.J..,...&Steffensen J.P..(2018).Lead pollution recorded in Greenland ice indicates European emissions tracked plagues; wars; and imperial expansion during antiquity.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,115(22). |
MLA | McConnell J.R.,et al."Lead pollution recorded in Greenland ice indicates European emissions tracked plagues; wars; and imperial expansion during antiquity".Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 115.22(2018). |
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