气候变化领域集成服务门户(CCPortal): End of the Little Ice Age in the Alps forced by industrial black carbon

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DOI	10.1073/pnas.1302570110
	End of the Little Ice Age in the Alps forced by industrial black carbon
	Painter T.H.; Flanner M.G.; Kaser G.; Marzeion B.; Van Curen R.A.; Abdalati W.
发表日期	2013
ISSN	0027-8424
起始页码	15216
结束页码	15221
卷号	110 期号:38
英文摘要	Glaciers in the European Alps began to retreat abruptly from their mid-19th century maximum, marking what appeared to be the end of the Little Ice Age. Alpine temperature and precipitation records suggest that glaciers should instead have continued to grow until circa 1910. Radiative forcing by increasing deposition of industrial black carbon to snow may represent the driver of the abrupt glacier retreats in the Alps that began in the mid-19th century. Ice cores indicate that black carbon concentrations increased abruptly in the mid-19th century and largely continued to increase into the 20th century, consistent with known increases in black carbon emissions from the industrialization of Western Europe. Inferred annual surface radiative forcings increased stepwise to 13-17 W•m-2 between 1850 and 1880, and to 9-22 W•m-2 in the early 1900s, with snowmelt season (April/May/June) forcings reaching greater than 35 W•m-2 by the early 1900s. These snowmelt season radiative forcings would have resulted in additional annual snow melting of as much as 0.9 m water equivalent across the melt season. Simulations of glacier mass balances with radiative forcingequivalent changes in atmospheric temperatures result in conservative estimates of accumulating negative mass balances of magnitude-15mwater equivalent by 1900 and-30mwater equivalent by 1930, magnitudes and timing consistent with the observed retreat. These results suggest a possible physical explanation for the abrupt retreat of glaciers in the Alps in the mid-19th century that is consistent with existing temperature and precipitation records and reconstructions.
英文关键词	Aerosol; Albedo; Climate; Cryosphere
语种	英语
scopus关键词	black carbon; snow; air temperature; altitude; article; deglaciation; glaciation; industrialization; Little Ice Age; melting point; precipitation; priority journal; radiative forcing; seasonal variation; solar radiation; Western Europe; aerosol; albedo; climate; cryosphere; Altitude; Carbon; Cold Climate; Computer Simulation; Europe; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; Ice Cover; Industry; Snow
来源期刊	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
文献类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://gcip.llas.ac.cn/handle/2XKMVOVA/158926
作者单位	Painter, T.H., Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, United States; Flanner, M.G., Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Kaser, G., Institute of Meteorology and Geophysics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Marzeion, B., Institute of Meteorology and Geophysics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Van Curen, R.A., Air Quality Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States; Abdalati, W., Earth Science and Observation Center, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Painter T.H.,Flanner M.G.,Kaser G.,et al. End of the Little Ice Age in the Alps forced by industrial black carbon[J],2013,110(38).
APA	Painter T.H.,Flanner M.G.,Kaser G.,Marzeion B.,Van Curen R.A.,&Abdalati W..(2013).End of the Little Ice Age in the Alps forced by industrial black carbon.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,110(38).
MLA	Painter T.H.,et al."End of the Little Ice Age in the Alps forced by industrial black carbon".Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 110.38(2013).