气候变化领域集成服务门户(CCPortal): Spatial dynamics of tree group and gap structure in an old-growth ponderosa pine-California black oak forest burned by repeated wildfires

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DOI	10.1016/j.foreco.2018.12.016
	Spatial dynamics of tree group and gap structure in an old-growth ponderosa pine-California black oak forest burned by repeated wildfires
	Pawlikowski N.C.; Coppoletta M.; Knapp E.; Taylor A.H.
发表日期	2019
ISSN	0378-1127
起始页码	289
结束页码	302
卷号	434
英文摘要	Knowledge of how tree groups and gaps are formed and maintained in frequent-fire forests is key to managing for heterogeneous and resilient forest conditions. This research quantifies changes in tree group and gap spatial structure and abundance of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) and California black oak (Quercus kelloggii) with stand development after wildfires in 1990 and 1994 in an old-growth forest in the Ishi Wilderness, southern Cascades, California. Forest demography and tree group and gap structure were quantified by measuring, mapping, and aging trees in six 1-ha permanent plots in 2000 and 2016. Tree recruitment, mortality, and growth were estimated using demographic models and spatial characteristics including gap structure were identified using an inter-tree distance algorithm and the empty space function. Potential fire behavior and effects in 2016 were estimated to determine if the current forest would be resilient to a wildfire in the near future. Stand density and basal area in both 2000 and 2016 resembled reference conditions for pre-fire suppression frequent-fire forests in the western United States. Wildfires initially promoted California black oak regeneration via sprouting, but oak regeneration from seed declined relative to ponderosa pine over the post-fire period. In 2000, ∼15% of trees were classified as single tree groups and an average tree group had 6 trees (range 2–38) which increased to 9 trees (range 2–240) in 2016. Small groups (2–4 trees) had similar-aged trees while larger groups were multi-aged. By 2016, single tree groups decreased by ∼30%, and the size, density, and intensity of clustering within tree groups increased, with an average tree group size of 9 (range 2–240) in 2016. Rates of post-fire regeneration, particularly the high rate for ponderosa pine, drove spatial dynamics in tree group and gap structure. Although the size and frequency of canopy gaps were similar in 2000 and 2016, the density of seedlings and saplings in gaps was higher in 2016, and large gaps were being fragmented by gap filling. Potential fire behavior predicted surface fire and low overstory tree mortality, suggesting the current forest would be resilient to a wildfire. However, burning will be necessary in the future to reduce the demographic pressure of ponderosa pine, promote black oak, and to maintain and create future spatial heterogeneity. Cumulatively, this research demonstrates that wildland fires under certain conditions can maintain and restore fire resilience in ponderosa pine forests reducing the negative ecological consequences related to past fire exclusion. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.
英文关键词	Canopy gap; Forest dynamics; Pinus ponderosa; Quercus kelloggii; Recruitment; Resilience; Restoration; Spatial pattern; Tree mortality; Wilderness
语种	英语
scopus关键词	Conservation; Dynamics; Ecology; Fires; Image reconstruction; Population dynamics; Population statistics; Restoration; Canopy gaps; Forest dynamics; Pinus ponderosa; Quercus kelloggii; Recruitment; Resilience; Spatial patterns; Tree mortality; Wilderness; Reforestation; abundance; age structure; basal area; canopy gap; coniferous forest; coniferous tree; deciduous forest; deciduous tree; demography; fire behavior; forest dynamics; forest ecosystem; group size; mortality; old-growth forest; recruitment (population dynamics); regeneration; restoration ecology; spatial analysis; spatial variation; tree; wildfire; Conservation; Dynamics; Ecology; Fires; Pinus Ponderosa; Restoration; California; Cascade Range; United States; Pinus ponderosa; Quercus kelloggii; Quercus velutina
来源期刊	Forest Ecology and Management
文献类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://gcip.llas.ac.cn/handle/2XKMVOVA/156206
作者单位	Department of Geography, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 16803, United States; United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 159 Lawrence Street QuincyCA 95971, United States; United States Department of Agriculture, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 3644 Avtech Drive, Redding, CA, United States; Department of Geography, Earth and Environmental Systems Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 16803, United States
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Pawlikowski N.C.,Coppoletta M.,Knapp E.,et al. Spatial dynamics of tree group and gap structure in an old-growth ponderosa pine-California black oak forest burned by repeated wildfires[J],2019,434.
APA	Pawlikowski N.C.,Coppoletta M.,Knapp E.,&Taylor A.H..(2019).Spatial dynamics of tree group and gap structure in an old-growth ponderosa pine-California black oak forest burned by repeated wildfires.Forest Ecology and Management,434.
MLA	Pawlikowski N.C.,et al."Spatial dynamics of tree group and gap structure in an old-growth ponderosa pine-California black oak forest burned by repeated wildfires".Forest Ecology and Management 434(2019).