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DOI	10.1016/j.foreco.2019.01.025
	Direct and indirect effects of ungulates on forest birds’ nesting failure? An experimental test with artificial nests
	Cocquelet A.; Mårell A.; Bonthoux S.; Baltzinger C.; Archaux F.
发表日期	2019
ISSN	0378-1127
起始页码	148
结束页码	155
卷号	437
英文摘要	Increasing deer and wild boar populations in North America and Western Europe are suspected of threatening low-nesting forest birds. Ungulates may directly affect these birds by predating eggs or chicks, or indirectly attract other mammalian or avian predators or reduce nesting site availability and habitat quality. To test some of these various mechanisms in two French forests, 528 artificial nests, 77 of which (14.6%) were monitored with camera traps, were set up in 44 plots which were either unfenced or fenced to respectively include or exclude ungulates. We used generalized linear mixed models to relate the nest failure rate to indices of plot frequentation by ungulates and other nest predators, to vegetation structure and to local bird community richness indices. Nest failure rate was significantly higher in the unfenced plots (39%) than in the fenced plots (32%) but this was related neither to red deer nor to wild boar frequentation of the plots. Furthermore, levels of frequentation for other mammalian and avian predators tended to be positively correlated to ungulate presence but not to nest failure rate. Nest failure rate depended on both nest height and shrub cover: nests on the ground (31% failure rate) were less predated or disturbed than nests in low shrubs (41% failure rate). Nests surrounded by low shrub cover experienced a slightly higher predation risk. We conclude that ungulates have a limited influence on nest failure for low-nesting forest birds; in particular, they seem to contribute very little to egg predation compared to other predators. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.
英文关键词	Cervus elaphus; Egg predation; Forest birds; Red deer; Sus scrofa; Wild boar
语种	英语
scopus关键词	Failure (mechanical); Failure analysis; Forestry; Mammals; Cervus elaphus; Egg predation; Red deer; Sus scrofa; Wild boars; Birds; artificial nest; bird; deer; egg predation; experimental study; mammal; nest predation; species richness; ungulate; vegetation structure; wild population; Birds; Coverings; Failure; Forestry; Height; Mammals; Set; Test Methods; France; North America; Western Europe; Aves; Cervidae; Cervus elaphus; Mammalia; Sus scrofa; Ungulata
来源期刊	Forest Ecology and Management
文献类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://gcip.llas.ac.cn/handle/2XKMVOVA/156153
作者单位	UR EFNO, Irstea, Domaine des Barres, Nogent-sur-Vernisson, 45290, France; Ecole de la Nature et du Paysage INSA Ctr Val de Loire, UMR CNRS 7324 CITERES, Blois, 41000, France
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Cocquelet A.,Mårell A.,Bonthoux S.,等. Direct and indirect effects of ungulates on forest birds’ nesting failure? An experimental test with artificial nests[J],2019,437.
APA	Cocquelet A.,Mårell A.,Bonthoux S.,Baltzinger C.,&Archaux F..(2019).Direct and indirect effects of ungulates on forest birds’ nesting failure? An experimental test with artificial nests.Forest Ecology and Management,437.
MLA	Cocquelet A.,et al."Direct and indirect effects of ungulates on forest birds’ nesting failure? An experimental test with artificial nests".Forest Ecology and Management 437(2019).