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DOI	10.1016/j.foreco.2019.06.032
	Tamm Review: Direct seeding to restore oak (Quercus spp.) forests and woodlands
	Löf M.; Castro J.; Engman M.; Leverkus A.B.; Madsen P.; Reque J.A.; Villalobos A.; Gardiner E.S.
发表日期	2019
ISSN	0378-1127
起始页码	474
结束页码	489
卷号	448
英文摘要	The scale of opportunity to implement forest restoration exceeds billions of ha worldwide, and a part of this area in northern temperate regions includes formerly oak (Quercus spp.)-dominated ecosystems. The cost of achieving restoration is often high, and tends to increase with severity of ecosystem degradation. Therefore, it is important to develop cost-efficient regeneration practices to support forest restoration. Direct seeding of acorns, one of the earliest artificial forest regeneration techniques developed, offers several benefits including costs that can be about a third of planting oak seedlings. However, direct seeding is presently a more uncertain practice for establishing oak forests and woodlands than is planting seedlings. Much of this uncertainty can be a result of acorn depredation by rodents even though other factors may also limit oak establishment. This review provides a synthesis of foundational knowledge, particularly from Europe and North America, pertaining to the biology and ecology of acorn production, acorn germination, early seedling growth, and acorn depredation by granivorous rodents. We build on this knowledge to review research on operational direct seeding practices and four basic strategies for acorn depredation control (chemical, ecological, physical and silvicultural). We suggest that environmentally sound approaches to minimize acorn depredation and increase seedling establishment currently exists. For example, seeding operations probably hold higher chances for success if scheduled during years of high masting, if applied on open sites (areas with little shrub and tree cover), and if acorn lots are sized and sown at an appropriate depth. Several gaps in our knowledge limit the development of improved operational practices for broader success. We lack information on basic acorn biology and proper handling and storage practices for many of the oaks around the world. And, we need research to support development of new techniques or combinations of strategies and techniques that minimize acorn depredation under a wide range of site conditions. Nevertheless, our synthesis suggests that direct seeding will remain a cost-effective and environmentally sound practice for oak forest and woodland establishment, and it will likely gain expanded use as future research informs innovation that increases seed availability, decreases acorn depredation, and raises predictability of oak seedling establishment. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.
英文关键词	Afforestation; Reforestation; Regeneration; Rehabilitation; Restoration; Seed sowing; Seedling establishment
语种	英语
scopus关键词	afforestation; deciduous forest; deciduous tree; reforestation; restoration ecology; seeding; seedling establishment; sowing; woodland; Europe; North America; Quercus; Rodentia
来源期刊	Forest Ecology and Management
文献类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://gcip.llas.ac.cn/handle/2XKMVOVA/155860
作者单位	Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, P.O. Box 49, Alnarp, SE-230 53, Sweden; Universidad de Granada, Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Granada, E-18071, Spain; Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology (Zoology III), Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, 96181 Rauhenebrach, Germany; University of Copenhagen, Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, Forest and Landscape Collage, Nødebovej 77A, Fredensborg, 3480, Denmark; Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute (University of Valladolid – INIA), Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenierías Agrarias, Avenida de Valladolid 44, Palencia, 30004, Spain; Center for Bottomland Hardwoods Research, Southern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, StonevilleMS 38776, United States
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Löf M.,Castro J.,Engman M.,et al. Tamm Review: Direct seeding to restore oak (Quercus spp.) forests and woodlands[J],2019,448.
APA	Löf M..,Castro J..,Engman M..,Leverkus A.B..,Madsen P..,...&Gardiner E.S..(2019).Tamm Review: Direct seeding to restore oak (Quercus spp.) forests and woodlands.Forest Ecology and Management,448.
MLA	Löf M.,et al."Tamm Review: Direct seeding to restore oak (Quercus spp.) forests and woodlands".Forest Ecology and Management 448(2019).