气候变化领域集成服务门户(CCPortal): The structures underpinning vulnerability: Examining landscape-society interactions in a smallholder coffee agroforestry system

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DOI	10.1088/1748-9326/ab2280
	The structures underpinning vulnerability: Examining landscape-society interactions in a smallholder coffee agroforestry system
	Morel A.C.; Hirons M.; Demissie S.; Gonfa T.; Mehrabi Z.; Long P.R.; Rifai S.; Woldemariam Gole T.; Mason J.; McDermott C.L.; Boyd E.; Robinson E.J.Z.; Malhi Y.; Norris K.
发表日期	2019
ISSN	17489318
卷号	14 期号:7
英文摘要	Smallholder farmers dependent on rain-fed agriculture are particularly vulnerable to extreme climate events and, therefore, it is necessary to identify adaptive measures that would increase farmer resilience to these shocks. The management options in a low-input system, like forest coffee (Coffea arabica), are limited and there are several factors out of farmers' control driving their vulnerability to changing climatic conditions. These can relate to social structures and landscape factors, which can interact to reduce farmers' adaptive capacity, creating a state of contextual vulnerability. We explored the potential synergies of this interaction across elevation, patch area and shade management gradients for smallholder coffee farms around the UNESCO Yayu Coffee Forest Biosphere Reserve in Ethiopia before, during and immediately following the 2015/16 El Niño. We documented a dramatic collapse in coffee yields across all farms, resulting in coffee incomes 29.5% ±18.0% and 19.5% ±10.0% of 2014 incomes in 2015 and 2016, respectively. We identified farms at elevations between 1500 and 1600 m with canopy openness between 40% and 45% as being consistently low yielding over our study period. We found these farmers had the highest rates of income diversification and, therefore, were already exhibiting adaptive capacity. Farmers with the largest income losses were spatially concentrated between 1600 and 1700 m, located in larger patch areas with lower canopy openness. Farmers at this elevation have access to poor infrastructure, restrictions on shade management and reported higher dependence on income from coffee, indicating an interaction of biotic and social factors exacerbating their vulnerability. Unfortunately, due to a nationally declared state of emergency, we were unable to survey farmers on the adaptive measures they undertook; therefore, we are limited in assessing their resilience. However, we do show the importance of considering both biotically and socially-mediated influences for assessing smallholder vulnerability, particularly barriers to diversifying incomes. © 2019 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd.
英文关键词	coffee forest; El Nino; Ethiopia; smallholder; vulnerability
语种	英语
scopus关键词	Forestry; Agroforestry system; Climatic conditions; EL Nino; Ethiopia; Potential synergies; Rain fed agriculture; smallholder; vulnerability; Coffee; Coffea arabica
来源期刊	Environmental Research Letters
文献类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://gcip.llas.ac.cn/handle/2XKMVOVA/154507
作者单位	Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, United Kingdom; Environmental Change Institute (ECI), School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; Environment, Climate Change and Coffee Forest Forum (ECCCFF), Ethiopia; Institute for Resources, Environment and Sustainability, University of British Columbia, Canada; Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; Nature Conservation Research Centre, Ghana; LUCSUS (Lund University Centre for Sustainability Studies), Lund University, Sweden; School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, United Kingdom
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Morel A.C.,Hirons M.,Demissie S.,et al. The structures underpinning vulnerability: Examining landscape-society interactions in a smallholder coffee agroforestry system[J],2019,14(7).
APA	Morel A.C..,Hirons M..,Demissie S..,Gonfa T..,Mehrabi Z..,...&Norris K..(2019).The structures underpinning vulnerability: Examining landscape-society interactions in a smallholder coffee agroforestry system.Environmental Research Letters,14(7).
MLA	Morel A.C.,et al."The structures underpinning vulnerability: Examining landscape-society interactions in a smallholder coffee agroforestry system".Environmental Research Letters 14.7(2019).