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DOI	10.1088/1748-9326/ab68ea
	Concealed nitrogen footprint in protein-free foods: an empirical example using oil palm products
	Hayashi K.; Oita A.; Nishina K.
发表日期	2020
ISSN	17489318
卷号	15 期号:3
英文摘要	The agro-food system satisfying human food demand releases heavy nitrogen (N) loads into the environment. The N footprint is an indicator of N loads from individual consumption of food as well as energy. A bottom-up approach called the 'N-calculator method' calculates the food N footprint using the N content in consumed foods, such that the N footprint of protein-free foods is treated as zero. This method underestimates the N footprint of protein-free foods, such as oil and sugar, when the source crops require N input in production. In this study, we propose a substitution factor, the virtual nitrogen factor for protein-free foods (VNFree), defined as the potential N load per unit weight of consumed food, to explicitly calculate the production N footprint. Oil palm and its products, palm oil (PO) and palm kernel oil (PKO), were chosen for this case study of protein-free foods. Global mean VNFree values of PO and PKO obtained by averaging national-scale data of the three countries with the largest production (Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand) were 0.0241 and 0.0037 kg N kg-1 oil, respectively. The 6.5-times difference in VNFree values was attributed to the difference in oil yield. The food N footprint of PO and PKO calculated here represented less than 2% of the previously reported total food N footprints of several countries. However, oil palm products are also used for industry, and the chemical fertilizer consumption for oil palm accounted for only 8%-12% of that of all oil and sugar crops. The protein-free N footprint of all these products will be much larger. We expect that the current N-calculator method as a bottom-up approach will be improved by expanding the VNFree concept, which enables the calculation of the concealed N footprint in protein-free products, including all uses of oil and sugar crops. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd.
英文关键词	nitrogen use efficiency; oil crop; palm kernel oil; palm oil; vegetable oil; virtual nitrogen factor
语种	英语
scopus关键词	Crops; Fertilizers; Mathematical instruments; Nitrogen; Proteins; Sugar industry; Vegetable oils; Bottom up approach; Chemical fertilizers; Nitrogen footprints; Nitrogen-use efficiency; Oil crops; Palm kernel oil; Substitution factor; virtual nitrogen factor; Palm oil; bioenergy; bottom-up approach; crop performance; crop production; energy crop; fertilizer application; nutrient use efficiency; protein; sugar; vegetable oil; Indonesia; Malaysia; Thailand; Elaeis
来源期刊	Environmental Research Letters
文献类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://gcip.llas.ac.cn/handle/2XKMVOVA/154194
作者单位	Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-3, Kannondai, Tsukuba, 305-8604, Japan; Research Center for Agricultural Information Technology, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-5-1, Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda, Tokyo, 100-0013, Japan; Center for Regional Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2, Onogawa, Tsukuba, 305-8506, Japan
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Hayashi K.,Oita A.,Nishina K.. Concealed nitrogen footprint in protein-free foods: an empirical example using oil palm products[J],2020,15(3).
APA	Hayashi K.,Oita A.,&Nishina K..(2020).Concealed nitrogen footprint in protein-free foods: an empirical example using oil palm products.Environmental Research Letters,15(3).
MLA	Hayashi K.,et al."Concealed nitrogen footprint in protein-free foods: an empirical example using oil palm products".Environmental Research Letters 15.3(2020).