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DOI	10.5194/acp-19-10537-2019
	New particle formation; growth and apparent shrinkage at a rural background site in western Saudi Arabia
	Hakala S.; Alghamdi M.A.; Paasonen P.; Vakkari V.; Khoder M.I.; Neitola K.; Dada L.; Abdelmaksoud A.S.; Al-Jeelani H.; Shabbaj I.I.; Almehmadi F.M.; Sundström A.-M.; Lihavainen H.; Kerminen V.-M.; Kontkanen J.; Kulmala M.; Hussein T.; Hyvärinen A.-P.
发表日期	2019
ISSN	16807316
起始页码	10537
结束页码	10555
卷号	19 期号:16
英文摘要	Atmospheric aerosols have significant effects on human health and the climate. A large fraction of these aerosols originates from secondary new particle formation (NPF), where atmospheric vapors form small particles that subsequently grow into larger sizes. In this study, we characterize NPF events observed at a rural background site of Hada Al Sham (21.802° N, 39.729° E), located in western Saudi Arabia, during the years 2013-2015. Our analysis shows that NPF events occur very frequently at the site, as 73 % of all the 454 classified days were NPF days. The high NPF frequency is likely explained by the typically prevailing conditions of clear skies and high solar radiation, in combination with sufficient amounts of precursor vapors for particle formation and growth. Several factors suggest that in Hada Al Sham these precursor vapors are related to the transport of anthropogenic emissions from the coastal urban and industrial areas. The median particle formation and growth rates for the NPF days were 8.7 cm-3 s-1 (J7 nm) and 7.4 nm h-1 (GR7-12 nm), respectively, both showing highest values during late summer. Interestingly, the formation and growth rates increase as a function of the condensation sink, likely reflecting the common anthropogenic sources of NPF precursor vapors and primary particles affecting the condensation sink. A total of 76 % of the NPF days showed an unusual progression, where the observed diameter of the newly formed particle mode started to decrease after the growth phase. In comparison to most long-term measurements, the NPF events in Hada Al Sham are exceptionally frequent and strong both in terms of formation and growth rates. In addition, the frequency of the decreasing mode diameter events is higher than anywhere else in the world. © 2019 Author(s).
语种	英语
scopus关键词	aerosol; aerosol composition; anthropogenic source; concentration (composition); particulate matter; seasonal variation; source apportionment; Saudi Arabia
来源期刊	Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
文献类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://gcip.llas.ac.cn/handle/2XKMVOVA/144203
作者单位	Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland; Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa; Svalbard Integrated Arctic Earth Observing System (SIOS), Longyearbyen, Norway; Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Hakala S.,Alghamdi M.A.,Paasonen P.,et al. New particle formation; growth and apparent shrinkage at a rural background site in western Saudi Arabia[J],2019,19(16).
APA	Hakala S..,Alghamdi M.A..,Paasonen P..,Vakkari V..,Khoder M.I..,...&Hyvärinen A.-P..(2019).New particle formation; growth and apparent shrinkage at a rural background site in western Saudi Arabia.Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,19(16).
MLA	Hakala S.,et al."New particle formation; growth and apparent shrinkage at a rural background site in western Saudi Arabia".Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19.16(2019).