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DOI	10.5194/tc-10-2013-2016
	Observations of capillary barriers and preferential flow in layered snow during cold laboratory experiments
	Avanzi F.; Hirashima H.; Yamaguchi S.; Katsushima T.; De Michele C.
发表日期	2016
ISSN	19940416
卷号	10 期号:5
英文摘要	Data of liquid water flow around a capillary barrier in snow are still limited. To gain insight into this process, we carried out observations of dyed water infiltration in layered snow at 0°C during cold laboratory experiments. We considered three different finer-over-coarser textures and three different water input rates. By means of visual inspection, horizontal sectioning, and measurements of liquid water content (LWC), capillary barriers and associated preferential flow were characterized. The flow dynamics of each sample were also simulated solving the Richards equation within the 1-D multi-layer physically based snow cover model SNOWPACK. Results revealed that capillary barriers and preferential flow are relevant processes ruling the speed of water infiltration in stratified snow. Both are marked by a high degree of spatial variability at centimeter scale and complex 3-D patterns. During unsteady percolation of water, observed peaks in bulk volumetric LWC at the interface reached 1/433-36vol% when the upper layer was composed by fine snow (grain size smaller than 0.5mm). However, LWC might locally be greater due to the observed heterogeneity in the process. Spatial variability in water transmission increases with grain size, whereas we did not observe a systematic dependency on water input rate for samples containing fine snow. The comparison between observed and simulated LWC profiles revealed that the implementation of the Richards equation reproduces the existence of a capillary barrier for all observed cases and yields a good agreement with observed peaks in LWC at the interface between layers. © Author(s) 2016.
学科领域	capillarity; experimental study; infiltration; laboratory method; numerical model; percolation; preferential flow; Richards equation; snow cover; spatial variation; water content; water flow
语种	英语
scopus关键词	capillarity; experimental study; infiltration; laboratory method; numerical model; percolation; preferential flow; Richards equation; snow cover; spatial variation; water content; water flow
来源期刊	Cryosphere
文献类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://gcip.llas.ac.cn/handle/2XKMVOVA/119588
作者单位	Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy; Snow and Ice Research Center, National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience, Suyoshi-machi, Nagaoka-shi, Niigata-ken, 940-0821, Japan; Meteorological Risk and Buffer Forest Laboratory, Department of Meteorological Environment, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki-ken, 305-8687, Japan
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Avanzi F.,Hirashima H.,Yamaguchi S.,et al. Observations of capillary barriers and preferential flow in layered snow during cold laboratory experiments[J],2016,10(5).
APA	Avanzi F.,Hirashima H.,Yamaguchi S.,Katsushima T.,&De Michele C..(2016).Observations of capillary barriers and preferential flow in layered snow during cold laboratory experiments.Cryosphere,10(5).
MLA	Avanzi F.,et al."Observations of capillary barriers and preferential flow in layered snow during cold laboratory experiments".Cryosphere 10.5(2016).