气候变化领域集成服务门户(CCPortal): Converting snow depth to snow water equivalent using climatological variables

CCPortal

DOI	10.5194/tc-13-1767-2019
	Converting snow depth to snow water equivalent using climatological variables
	Hill D.F.; Burakowski E.A.; Crumley R.L.; Keon J.; Michelle Hu J.; Arendt A.A.; Wikstrom Jones K.; Wolken G.J.
发表日期	2019
ISSN	19940416
EISSN	13
起始页码	1767
结束页码	1784
卷号	13 期号:7
英文摘要	We present a simple method that allows snow depth measurements to be converted to snow water equivalent (SWE) estimates. These estimates are useful to individuals interested in water resources, ecological function, and avalanche forecasting. They can also be assimilated into models to help improve predictions of total water volumes over large regions. The conversion of depth to SWE is particularly valuable since snow depth measurements are far more numerous than costlier and more complex SWE measurements. Our model regresses SWE against snow depth (h), day of water year (DOY) and climatological (30-year normal) values for winter (December, January, February) precipitation (PPTWT), and the difference (TD) between mean temperature of the warmest month and mean temperature of the coldest month, producing a power-law relationship. Relying on climatological normals rather than weather data for a given year allows our model to be applied at measurement sites lacking a weather station. Separate equations are obtained for the accumulation and the ablation phases of the snowpack. The model is validated against a large database of snow pillow measurements and yields a bias in SWE of less than 2mm and a root-mean-squared error (RMSE) in SWE of less than 60mm. The model is additionally validated against two completely independent sets of data: one from western North America and one from the northeastern United States. Finally, the results are compared with three other models for bulk density that have varying degrees of complexity and that were built in multiple geographic regions. The results show that the model described in this paper has the best performance for the validation data sets. © 2019 Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
学科领域	ablation; bulk density; climate change; depth determination; equation; seasonality; snow cover; snow water equivalent; volume; United States
语种	英语
scopus关键词	ablation; bulk density; climate change; depth determination; equation; seasonality; snow cover; snow water equivalent; volume; United States
来源期刊	The Cryosphere
文献类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://gcip.llas.ac.cn/handle/2XKMVOVA/118868
作者单位	Civil and Construction Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States; Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, United States; Water Resources Graduate Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States; Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, AK, United States; International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, United States
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Hill D.F.,Burakowski E.A.,Crumley R.L.,et al. Converting snow depth to snow water equivalent using climatological variables[J],2019,13(7).
APA	Hill D.F..,Burakowski E.A..,Crumley R.L..,Keon J..,Michelle Hu J..,...&Wolken G.J..(2019).Converting snow depth to snow water equivalent using climatological variables.The Cryosphere,13(7).
MLA	Hill D.F.,et al."Converting snow depth to snow water equivalent using climatological variables".The Cryosphere 13.7(2019).