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DOI	10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.06.007
	What are the limits to oil palm expansion?
	Pirker J.; Mosnier A.; Kraxner F.; Havlík P.; Obersteiner M.
发表日期	2016
ISSN	0959-3780
卷号	40
英文摘要	Palm oil production has boomed over the last decade, resulting in an expansion of the global oil palm planting area from 10 to 17 Million hectares between 2000 and 2012. Previous studies showed that a significant share of this expansion has come at the expense of tropical forests, notably in Indonesia and Malaysia, the current production centers. Governments of developing and emerging countries in all tropical regions increasingly promote oil palm cultivation as a major contributor to poverty alleviation, as well as food and energy independence. However, being under pressure from several non-governmental environmental organizations and consumers, the main palm oil traders have committed to sourcing sustainable palm oil. Against this backdrop we assess the area of suitable land and what are the limits to future oil palm expansion when several constraints are considered. We find that suitability is mainly determined by climatic conditions resulting in 1.37 billion hectares of suitable land for oil palm cultivation concentrated in twelve tropical countries. However, we estimate that half of the biophysically suitable area is already allocated to other uses, including protected areas which cover 30% of oil palm suitable area. Our results also highlight that the non-conversion of high carbon stock forest (>100 t AGB/ha) would be the most constraining factor for future oil palm expansion as it would exclude two-thirds of global oil palm suitable area. Combining eight criteria which might restrict future land availability for oil palm expansion, we find that 234 million hectares or 17% of worldwide suitable area are left. This might seem that the limits for oil palm expansion are far from being reached but one needs to take into account that some of this area might be hardly accessible currently with only 18% of this remaining area being under 2 h transportation to the closest city and that growing demand for other agricultural commodities which might also compete for this land has not been yet taken into account. © 2016 The Authors
英文关键词	Land availability; Oil palm production; Suitability map; Sustainability criteria
学科领域	agroforestry; agronomy; carbon; climate conditions; cultivation; expansion; forestry production; map; monocotyledon; oil production; plant product; tree planting; Indonesia; Malaysia; Elaeis
语种	英语
scopus关键词	agroforestry; agronomy; carbon; climate conditions; cultivation; expansion; forestry production; map; monocotyledon; oil production; plant product; tree planting; Indonesia; Malaysia; Elaeis
来源期刊	Global Environmental Change
文献类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://gcip.llas.ac.cn/handle/2XKMVOVA/117334
作者单位	International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Pirker J.,Mosnier A.,Kraxner F.,et al. What are the limits to oil palm expansion?[J],2016,40.
APA	Pirker J.,Mosnier A.,Kraxner F.,Havlík P.,&Obersteiner M..(2016).What are the limits to oil palm expansion?.Global Environmental Change,40.
MLA	Pirker J.,et al."What are the limits to oil palm expansion?".Global Environmental Change 40(2016).